平等 VS 公平：國民待遇的價值內涵

The Value of National Treatment: Equality or Justice

Abstract

2019 年 3 月 15 日，第十三屆全國人大第二次會議通過了《中華人民共和國外商投資法》，該法較之於相關舊法最大的改變就是在外商投資准入階段實行國民待遇加負面清單的管理制度，由此引起筆者對國民待遇更注重平等還是公平價值內涵的思考。平等是一種關於均勻分配的原則，公平則是讓每個人得到其應得的。通過對國民待遇基本概念、世界貿易組織（WTO）主要協定中相關條款基本規定以及知識產權公約中相關例外規定等進行分析，本文認為國民待遇制度無論在其最初由商業慣例變為成文法時的規定，還是知識產權公約及其他國際條約中對其的例外規定，亦或是 WTO 體系幾個主要協定中實際條款的規定，都更多體現的是一種公平的理念以及對公平的追求。

On March 15, 2019, the Second Session of the 13th National People's Congress passed the Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China. Compared with the original relevant laws, the biggest change in the law is the State adheres to an administrative system of pre-establishment national treatment, plus a negative list for foreign investment, which causes the author to think about the value of national treatment, equality or justice. Equality is a principle of even distribution, fairness gives everyone what they deserved. This article analyses the basic concept of national treatment, relevant provisions in the main agreements of the WTO and exceptions in Intellectual Property Conventions etc., and states that no matter when it was originally changed from a commercial practice to a statute law, exceptions in Intellectual Property Conventions and other International Treaties, or provisions of actual clauses in the main agreements of the WTO, the national treatment is more about fairness and the pursuiting of fairness.